Welcome to Luang Prabang, a charming city located in northern Laos. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is known for its stunning natural surroundings and rich cultural heritage. With its unique blend of French colonial architecture, Buddhist temples, and lush landscapes, Luang Prabang has many activities and sights to discover. This article is an overview of cultural and natural highlights in Luang Prabang.

History of Luang Prabang

Luang Prabang is located in the northern mountains of Laos. The city is built on a peninsula formed by the Mekong and Nam Khan River. Luang Prabang is surrounded by mountains like Phou Thao and Phou Nang. The town has many historical legends. One such legend is when Buddha predicted the town would become a rich and powerful city. The town was originally named Muang Sua. And later Xieng Thong. From the 14th to the 16th century, it served as the capital of Lane Xang (Kingdom of a Million Elephants). Luang Prabang became an important city because of the strategic location on the Silk Route. It also became a regional Buddhist centre. It was renamed Luang Prabang after a Buddha statue, the Prabang, was gifted by Cambodia.

Cultural heritage & architecture

Luang Prabang is renowned for its architectural and artistic heritage that combines Lao traditional architecture with colonial influences. They have maintained a well-preserved townscape that mixes these two styles. The city is known for royal residences and temples. The old villages with their temples have been preserved among newer constructions. The colonial streetscape mixes well with the traditional setting. The town was historically bordered by defensive walls.

The town’s architecture has a mix of styles and materials: traditional wooden structures and stone temples alongside one- or two-story brick colonial houses. The pagodas, or “Vat,” in Luang Prabang are one of the most sophisticated in Southeast Asia. The Vat are decorated with sculptures, paintings, and gold. Wat Xieng Thong dates back to the 16th century. The structure stands out for its complexity and beauty. Many traditional Lao houses were constructed of wood and only has survived, Heuan Chan Heritage house. Read more about this traditional house in the next paragraphs.

Explore the old town by going for a walk

The best way to immerse yourself in the rich culture of Luang Prabang is by taking a walking tour through its old town. You can either join a guided tour or explore on your own. The old town is filled with stunning temples, traditional wooden houses, and local markets. Make sure to visit some of the must-see landmarks such as Wat Xiengthong, the National Museum, and Phousi hill for breathtaking views of the city.

Wat Xieng Thong

Wat Xieng Thong means “Temple of the Golden City“. It is a Buddhist temple, or wat, located at the northern tip of the Luang Prabang. The temple is built between 1559 and 1560 by King Setthathirath. Wat Xieng Thong is one of the most significant Lao monasteries, symbolizing the spirit of religion, royalty, and traditional art.

History of Wat Xieng Thong

Wat Xieng Thong was constructed during King Setthathirath’s reign from 1559 to 1560. King Setthathirath ruled over the Lan Xang kingdom, now known as Laos. He moved the capital from Xieng Thong (later renamed Luang Prabang) to Vientiane because he preferred areas with more flat land.

Wat Xieng Thong was a royal temple, supported by the royal family until the LPDR was created. It was established alongside Vat Keo and Vat That Luang. The temple served multiple purposes: it was where kings were crowned, a place of worship, a shrine for Buddhist relics, a venue for religious rites and festivals, a library for ancient scripts, and a place of traditional architecture.

Wat Sensoukharam

Wat Sensoukharam is constructed in 1718 by King Kitsarath. They used 100,000 stones from the Mekong river to built the temple. This is how it got the name “Temple of 100,000 treasures“. In 1957 it underwent restoration to celebrate Buddha’s birth 2500 years ago.

National Museum

The Royal Palace Museum is also known as the National Museum. The Palace Museum is located in what used to be the Laos Royal family’s residence in Luang Prabang. It is strategically situated between Phousi Hill and the Mekong River. This former palace now serves as a cultural heritage site.

The palace we can admire today was constructed between 1904 to 1909. The original palace in Luang Prabang was destroyed in 1887. The building was destroyed by the Black Flag Army. They were a well-organized group led by a Chinese warlord who financed his operations through theft.

Crown jewels

The Royal Palace is a ‘T’ shaped structure featuring a ceremonial area, living quarters, kitchens, staff areas, and a garage for the King’s car collection. A grand entrance at the palace’s top leads to the Throne Hall. Inside the Throne Hall, the Lao crown jewels and other important artefacts related to Luang Prabang and the Royal Family are displayed. Among these treasures is the Phra Bang, a 83 cm tall, 50 kg golden Buddha statue. It is believed the statue came from Sri Lanka in the 1st century. It was gifted by a Khmer King to Lane Xang King Fa Ngum in 1359. The Phra Bang has been taken to Bangkok and returned twice to Laos.

A statue of King Sisavang Vong, for whom the palace was built, stands in front of the museum. The statue was made in 1959 to mark his death. The statue is still there, honouring his role in gaining independence from France. The Royal Family, including King Savang Vatthana, left the palace in 1975.

Car collection

The museum also displays the late king’s collection of American-imported cars. Luang Prabang’s roads made it nearly impossible to drive them far. These cars, used to drive around town, were seen as symbols of decadence by the Communist movement and the Viet Minh.

The Haw Pha Bang Temple construction started in 1963. It was completed in 2006. It is a beautiful and recent addition to the museum. Its construction was discontinued by conflict with the Prathet Lao communist group. They decided to complete the temple in the mid-1990s, adding a historic charm to the museum’s complex.

Phou Si Hill

Phou Si Hill is right in the heart of Luang Prabang. The Buddhist complex has two temples. Most visitors visit Phou Si Hill for the spectacular views from the top. Since the surrounding area is flat, Phou Si Hill has excellentviews of the town and countryside.

To reach the top, you can choose from three paths. I suggest starting at the main entrance, across from Wat Haw Pha Bang at the Royal Palace grounds. Climbing the hill requires 328 steps from this main entrance.

On top of the hill is Wat Chom Si. It’s a small temple with a congregation hall and shrine. The temple is built in 1804 under King Anourouth. The temple itself may not be the highlight but the golden stupa is. The stupa has a gold colour and gold parasols. The stupa shines brightly in the sun and is visible from most parts of Luang Prabang on a clear day.

The viewing platform around the stupa attracts crowds at sunset, offering clear views of the surrounding area. A perfect spot to take pictures. You can descend the hill on the opposite side, passing by Wat Tham Phou Si, providing different views than the ascent.

Traditional Arts and Ethnology Centre

The Traditional Arts and Ethnology Centre (TAEC) is a private, nonprofit museum dedicated to preserving the rich cultural diversity of Laos’s ethnic groups. The museum is located in a historic building that is protected by UNESCO. The museum’s permanent exhibition displays a fascinating collection of ethnic clothing, religious artifacts, and traditional working tools. Its purpose is to encourage a deeper understanding and appreciation for the varied lifestyles and traditions of Laos’s ethnic communities. In addition to the museum, the TAEC Boutique located in Ban Vat Sene along the main road, offers a selection of items for purchase including books, photographs, and locally crafted handmade goods.

The exhibition is focused on four principal ethnic groups, each representing a unique aspect of their culture:

• Akha: highlighting the diversity among ethnic groups.
• Hmong: showing their vibrant New Year celebrations.
• Tai Lue: demonstrating their renowned cotton industry, from cultivation to the creation of textiles.
• Khmu: exhibiting their handmade baskets and the art of Back Strap Loom weaving.

TAEC invites visitors to go on an educational journey, celebrating the heritage and enduring traditions of Laos’s ethnic groups.

Wat Wisunarat

Wat Wisunarat dates back to 1513. It was constructed during the reign of King Wisunarat (Visoun). Wat Wisunarat is Luang Prabang’s oldest temple and was once the home of the Prabang Buddhas. The temple was originally built from wood. It was destroyed by Black Haw riders in 1887. These riders were part of the Black Flag military rebel group, led by a Chinese commander towards the late 1880s. After this invasion, it was reconstructed with stucco and brick. They were  able to preserve some original parts like a stupa from 1503 and a few small Buddha icons. But many artifacts were stolen during the Haw raid.

Lao architecture

The temple has served as a Museum of Religious Arts. Because of this the temple owns a collection of religious artifacts and items related to Buddhism and the royal family. Wat Wisunarat is an example of the early Lao architecture. The temple has undergone restoration in 1895 and 1932. Wisunarat has a select number of gilded Buddhas and ancient stones from the 15th century. They were donated by Prince Phetsarat after the Haw invasion.

A unique aspect is its lotus flower-shaped stupa, known locally as ‘the watermelon stupa’. This stupa is designed by King Wisunarat’s wife. The stupa has an European-style roof which was uncommon in Laos. This was a result of French architectural influence in the late 1980s.

UXO Lao Visitor centre

Laos was heavily bombed by US Armed Forces from 1964 until 1973. The bombs were used in an effort to disrupt the Communist Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces from using it as a base for launching attacks on South Vietnam. The scale of bombing was massive and an estimated of 200 million tons of bombs were dropped in Laos. Around 40% of the dropped bombs did not explode. The impact on the Laotian population has been devastating. Around 50,000 civilians, including many children, died because of unexploded bombs that lay hidden.

The UXO Lao Visitors Centre in Luang Prabang is an educational centre where visitors learn more about the unexploded ordnance left by the American military. Even today bombs go off and people still get injured or die because of unexploded ordnance. The Lao National Unexploded Ordnance Programme (UXO Lao) remove these dangerous remnants. A very brave effort to try to make common used places bomb free in Laos. Even 50 years after the bombing ended, many areas in Laos, especially around the Plain of Jars, remain too dangerous to inhabit.

Night market

The night market is located on Sisavangvong Road, starting from the Tourism office and going up to the Royal Palace Museum. This section of road transforms every evening. A few hundred meters are closed to vehicles and become a pedestrian zone for shopping as the market starts. The night market is open daily from 5 PM to 10 PM. This walking market has local produce, handicrafts, souvenirs, and a variety of food and drinks. At the street’s end, a large food court offers a wide range of meals at very affordable prices.

Alms giving Ceremony

Sai Bat, or Morning Alms, is a deep-rooted tradition in the Buddhist culture in Laos. It involves locals offering food to monks in Luang Prabang every morning. Please observe the ritual in silence and only offer something if it truly means something to you and if you can do it respectfully. If you choose not to make an offering, keep a respectful distance and avoid obstructing the monk procession or others making offerings.

If making an offering, purchase sticky rice from the local market that morning. Look for vendors along the monks’ route. It’s expected you keep a respectful distance from the monks when taking photos. Avoid using flash, as it disturbs both the monks and attendees. You should dress modestly, so shoulders, chests, and legs should be covered. You are not allowed to touch the monks. And maintain a distance of at least 5 metres if you’re watching the ceremony. Respect the alms-giving ceremony’s dignity and beauty if you participate. Many tourists these days do not respect this ancient Laos tradition. It’s sad and embarrassing to watch people being disrespectful.

Heuan Chan Heritage House

Heuan Chan Heritage House is a traditional wooden house from the 19th century. In Lao “Heuan” means house. The house belonged to Mr. Chan, which is how it got its name. Located in the centre of Luang Prabang the Heuan Chan is a rare example of a pre-colonial Lao architecture. Now it’s a museum and shows visitors the Luang Prabang way of life. Visitors can go on a cultural tour or join workshops, cooking classes, and baci ceremonies. There’s also a cafe & restaurant and a shop where you can rent traditional costumes. Events and venues are organized on a regular basis so check out there socials.

Pak Ou Caves

Near Pak Ou is the point where the Ou river meets the Mekong. The Pak Ou caves are actually two caves: Tham Ting (lower cave) and Tham Theung (upper cave) 25 km north of Luang Prabang. The caves are located on the west bank of the Mekong River about two hours by boat. Or 1 hour by taxi, tuktuk or scooter. Keep in mind it’s a very bumpy ride towards the Pak Ou Caves.

The caves are famous for their collection of miniature Buddha statues. Inside you’ll see hundreds of small wooden Buddha figures. Many of the statues show signs of wear and tear and are arranged on shelves along the walls. These statues depict various poses like meditation, teaching, walking, and even the reclining Buddha.

Tat Sae Waterfalls

The Tat Sae Waterfalls are best to visit in the rainy season when the pools are filled enough for swimming. This waterfall is not as tall as the famous Kuang Si. But the Tad Sae Waterfalls are still  one of Laos’s most beautiful waterfalls. The water flows over incredible limestone cliffs in several tiers before it drops in a large pool.

Important note: during the dry season February until May it’s possible the water is dried up. Ask around or ask the people from your accommodation if there is a waterfall. It would be a shame to make the trip up there without waterfalls to admire.

Nahm Dong Park

Nahm Dong park is a peaceful, well-organized park with activities like zip lining and fish feeding. This park is a great natural highlight to visit. There are plenty of shaded spots to enjoy the scenery. To get to Nahm Dong waterfalls you’ll pass through a rose field and an organic vegetable garden. At the falls, you can enjoy Lao cuisine on a wooden balcony overlooking the water, surrounded by stunning views. The park provides safe swimming areas, a treehouse spa for massages, and a bee farm where you can buy fresh honey.

Nahm Dong Park is a great escape from the crowds. You will encounter a few tourists but the large groups of tourists do not come this far. The road to Nahm Dong Park is a bit of a challenge. Especially if you plan to drive yourself by scooter. The last 5km of road is basically a gravel path. But the park is worth the bumpy trip.

Kuang Si Waterfalls

Kuang Si is known for its blue coloured waterfalls. The colour is entirely natural due to the limestone. As the water flows from the springs to the main waterfall and then down the cascades, it passes over limestone rocks. The limestone particles are rich in calcium carbonate and reflects the light. It gives the water a stunning turquoise-blue appearance.

You can swim in several pools both at the middle area and below. Please respect the signs that prohibit swimming in certain areas, as some pools are sacred to the local community. The one at the top for example is considered sacred. Near the picnic area are changing rooms available. Given Laos’s conservative culture, it’s important to wear ‘appropriate’ swimwear.

Important note: it can get very crowded during the day. Entire bus loads of Korean and Chinese tourists are dropped off here. Try to go in the early morning or in the late afternoon. I went on a weekday in the late afternoon and around 4pm I had the lower pools to myself 😊.

Highlights to visit in Laos

Travelling from the north of Thailand, you’ll likely enter Laos through Huay Xai, a quaint border town. The only thing to do around Huay Xai is the the Gibbon Experience. The experience is popular among backpackers and you go ziplining across treetops in the Nam Kan National Park. This offers a unique perspective on the stunning natural scenery. From Huay Xai, you can go a slow boat to Luang Prabang. This journey takes two days. This voyage is not only practical but also a scenic one, offering breathtaking views along the way.

Vientiane is the capital city of Laos but the city tends to be more of a transit hub. Go tubbing, hiking or swimming in the blue lagoons of Vang Vieng. For hiking enthusiasts Nong Khiaw is an irresistible challenge with several trails leading to viewpoints offering panoramic views of the area. Si Phan Don, known as the 4000 Islands, is perfect for gentle exploration by bike or canoe. Pakse offers the thrill of a motorbike tour with its renowned village loop.