When I first set foot in Munich, I was fascinated by its stunning mix of history, culture and architecture. From grand royal palaces to charming market squares. In this article, I’ll guide you through the monumental highlights in Munich. I show you the iconic landmarks that define the city’s character.

History of Munich

Munich (München in German) is the capital of Bavaria. Its origins date back to the 12^th century, when it was first mentioned in official records in 1158. The name “Munich” is derived from the Old High German term Munichen, meaning “by the monks,” which points to the city’s monastic origins.

Founding and early growth (12^th -14^th centuries)

Munich’s early history is tied to Duke Henry the Lion. He was a powerful ruler of Saxony and Bavaria. In 1158, Henry established a bridge over the Isar River and a market at the site of a Benedictine monastery. It turned out to be the foundation for the city’s growth. This strategic move also granted Munich the rights to collect customs duties, creating its economic importance.

By 1255, Munich became the residence of the Wittelsbach dynasty. They ruled Bavaria for over 700 years. Under their investment, the city expanded and flourished. The city established itself as a centre for trade, art and culture.

Munich in the Renaissance and Baroque eras (16^th -18^th  centuries)

Munich became a stronghold of Catholicism during the Reformation. Particularly under Duke Wilhelm V and Duke Maximilian I, leaders of the Counter-Reformation. The city witnessed a rise in monumental Baroque architecture, including churches like Theatine Church and St. Michael’s Church. This reflected the religious and cultural ambitions of the Bavarian rulers.

The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) and later plagues, like the Black Death in 1634, severely impacted the city’s population and economy. But Munich recovered and continued its growth.

The 19^th century: royal grandeur and urban development

Munich entered its golden age under King Ludwig I (reigned 1825–1848). He was a passionate patron of the arts and architecture. His vision changed Munich into a cultural and architectural master work. This was leading to the construction of Neoclassical and Neo-Gothic monuments like the Glyptothek, Alte Pinakothek and the grand Ludwigstraße.

The city also became a centre for intellectuals, artists and scientists. This nurtured the Munich School of Painting and created a lively cultural scene that continues to this day.

Munich in the 20^th century: from tragedy to renewal

The 20^th century was marked by profound challenges:

• World War I left Munich politically and economically shaken.
• It became the birthplace of the Nazi Party in the 1920s, including events like the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923.
• World War II devastated Munich, with over 50% of the city destroyed by Allied bombings.

Despite the destruction, Munich rose from the ashes. Post-war reconstruction efforts carefully restored many historic landmarks while accepting modernity. The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, symbolizing its renewal and global importance.

Altstadt

When I walk through Munich’s Altstadt, I feel like I’m stepping back in time. I was surrounded by centuries of history and architecture. This is where Munich began. The city was founded in the 12^th century by Duke Henry the Lion. He built the first city walls and marketplace around what is now Marien Platz. As I explore the medieval streets, I can see how the city grew from its early Gothic churches such as the Frauenkirche and St. Peter’s Church. From the Gothic architecture to the Baroque structures like the Asam Church. I’m amazed at how the Altstadt has been carefully rebuilt after World War II. It’s a place where history feels alive and every corner tells a story.

Frauenkirche

The iconic Frauenkirche church is officially known as the Cathedral of Our Dear Lady. It was built in the 15^th century, and I can almost imagine the activity of medieval Munich. The two towers have distinctive onion-shaped domes. It is one of the most recognizable landmarks in the city. As I step inside, I’m surrounded by the peaceful grandeur of late Gothic architecture. The interior has tall columns and vaulted ceilings that seem to reach towards the heavens. It amazes me how the Frauenkirche has continued through the centuries. Including the devastation of World War II, when it was badly damaged by bombing. It was carefully restored so that we can experience this remarkable piece of Munich’s history and architectural heritage.

Marienplatz

Marienplatz is the central square of Munich. It has been the city’s heart since it was founded in 1158. The square was originally a marketplace and the site of tournaments and festivities. It was named after the Mariensäule (Column of Mary). This column was erected in 1638 to celebrate the city’s survival during the Thirty Years’ War. The architecture around Marienplatz reflects Munich’s diverse history, from the Gothic-style Old Town Hall, first built in the 15^th century, to the impressive Neo-Gothic New Town Hall, completed in 1905. Together, these structures make Marienplatz a place where history and modern life coexist.

Cathedral of St. Peter

The Cathedral of St. Peter is known locally as Peterskirche. It is the oldest church in Munich, with origins dating back to the 12^th century. The cathedral is built on the site of an earlier monastic church. St. Peter’s has undergone several alterations. They have mixed the design with Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo styles. Its tower is affectionately called “Old Peter” by locals. Inside, the church’s Baroque high altar, detailed stucco work and the famous golden skeleton relic of Saint Munditia reveal the artistic and spiritual heart of Munich across the centuries.

Viktualienmarkt

The Viktualienmarkt is a historic market in the heart of Munich. The market is established in 1807 when the original market on Marienplatz became too small for the growing city. Over the years, it expanded. It became a beloved gathering place for locals and visitors. The name “Viktualien” comes from the Latin word for provisions. This reflects its role as a place for fresh produce, meats, flowers and Bavarian specialties. The market is a mix of traditional and functional design and has small pavilions, wooden stalls and open-air spaces that give it a cozy atmosphere. The Maypole (Maibaum) is a symbol of Bavarian culture and craftsmanship.

Heilig Geist church

The Heilig-Geist-Kirche (Church of the Holy Spirit) is one of Munich’s oldest churches. It was originally built in the 14^th century as part of a hospice for the sick. Its Gothic origins can still be seen in the church’s structure, but much of what I admire today comes from its Baroque changes in the 18^th century. The stucco work by the Asam brothers provide the interior with light and movement. The stunning ceiling frescoes by Franz Xaver Feuchtmayer add a sense of grandeur. After heavy damage during World War II, the church was rebuilt. They preserved the beauty of its original design. When I walk inside, I’m struck by the way it mixes centuries of history, faith and artistic craftsmanship into one peaceful space.

Toy Museum

The Toy Museum in Munich is located in the Old Town Hall tower at Marienplatz. It is a great  journey through childhood nostalgia and craftsmanship. The building itself dates back to the 14^th century. The Gothic architecture is designed with a tall spire and pointed windows. But it was carefully restored after World War II. They have a collection of toys from different eras: delicate porcelain dolls, hand-carved wooden figures and tin toys from the 19^th and 20^th centuries. The museum displays the art of toy-making and the joy these objects have brought to generations of children. It’s a small but charming place where you feel a sense of wonder, no matter how old you are.

Isartor

The Isartor is one of the last remaining medieval gates in Munich. The gate was built in the early 14^th century as part of the city’s fortifications under Ludwig the Bavarian. Its Gothic architecture comes with thick stone walls, a central tower and two smaller towers. The original purpose was used as defensive structure. The fresco on the central tower, added in the 19^th  century, shows Ludwig’s entry into Munich after the victory at Mühldorf in 1322. When I stand beneath the arch, I can’t help but imagine what it must have been like for merchants, knights and townsfolk passing through this gate centuries ago. The Isartor today is a reminder of Munich’s past. A gateway that has survived the centuries and gives us a peak into the city’s medieval roots.

Maximilianeum

The Maximilianeum is an amazing building in Munich. It was built in the mid-19^th  century under King Maximilian II of Bavaria as a home for a gifted-students’ foundation. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Friedrich Bürklein. The building has a large façade with arched windows, columns and decorative sculptures that give it an imposing presence. I find the panoramic view of the Maximilianeum from the Isar River particularly breathtaking. With its wide terraces and the symmetrical layout that displays the ideals of balance and classical beauty. Over time, the Maximilianeum became the seat of the Bavarian State Parliament.

Angel of Peace

The Angel of Peace (Friedensengel) is a beautiful monument in Munich. It was built in 1899 to commemorate 25 years of peace following the Franco-Prussian War. The monument is located on a high terrace in the Maximilianeum Park and overlooking the Isar River. It is part of an ensemble that includes a fountain and a Neo-Classical temple structure. The centrepiece is a gilded statue of the angel standing on top of a 38-meter Corinthian column. It catches your eye as it shines in the sunlight. When I visited, I felt a sense of calm in the park’s peaceful surroundings. The angel itself reminds me of the importance of peace and unity in times of conflict. The combination of the monument’s classical design and its symbolic meaning makes it one of my favourite spots in Munich.

English Garden

The English Garden in Munich is one of the largest urban parks in the world. It was created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson. It is a public park for the people of the city. Its design was inspired by the naturalistic style of English landscape gardens. They designed the garden with wide meadows, streams and clusters of trees that create a sense of peace and escape from the city. The garden has changed over the centuries, but it still maintains its romantic charm and connection to nature.

Siegestor

The Siegestor (Victory Gate) is a large arch in Munich. The structure was built between 1843 and 1852 under the reign of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. It was designed by architect Friedrich von Gärtner. It was inspired by Roman triumph arches and has a mix of Neoclassical and Renaissance elements. The design has three large arches and sculptures, including a bronze quadriga of Bavaria with lions. The Siegestor was originally dedicated to the glory of the Bavarian army. The Siegestor later took on a more reflective tone after World War II. I paused to read the inscription added after the war, which reminds visitors that this monument now is a symbol of peace.

Diana temple

The Diana Temple is a beautiful pavilion located in the Hofgarten. This is Munich’s royal garden and was built in 1615 under Duke Maximilian I. The Diana temple is designed in the Italian Renaissance style. The temple has an elegant, octagonal structure with eight open archways, a domed roof and columns. It has a bronze statue of Bavaria holding the symbols of wealth and prosperity. The temple has long been a place where people gather, relax or listen to musicians.

Residenz Munchen

The Residenz München is the former royal palace of the Bavarian monarchs and the largest city palace in Germany. It was built over several centuries, beginning in 1385 as a modest fortress. They gradually changed it into a grand complex combining Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo and Neoclassical styles. The Residenz not only reflects the changing tastes and ambitions of Bavarian rulers but is also an example of their wealth and power. It’s a place where art, architecture and history meet, making it one of Munich’s most fascinating landmarks.

Feldherrnhalle

The Feldherrnhalle is a monument on Odeonsplatz. It was built in the mid-19^th century by Friedrich von Gärtner at the request of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Inspired by the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, it has an open, arcade-style structure with Corinthian columns and three arches. This is creating a sense of both openness and grandeur. The hall was dedicated to the Bavarian army’s military leaders. The statues inside honour famous commanders like Tilly and Wrede. I find it interesing how the Feldherrnhalle’s history changed in the 20^th century. Because now it also a site of a failed coup attempt by the Nazis in 1923.

Theatinerkirche

The Theatinerkirche, or St. Kajetan’s Church, was built in the 17^th century as a symbol of gratitude by Elector Ferdinand Maria and his wife Henriette Adelaide of Savoy for the birth of their son. The church’s Baroque style is designed by Italian architect Agostino Barelli. The design stands out in Munich with its bright yellow stucco façade, twin towers and a dome that dominates the skyline. The Theatinerkirche not only shows the strong influence of Italian architecture on Bavaria but is also a reminder of the connection between art, faith and power in Munich’s history.

Asamkirche

The Asamkirche  is officially known as St. Johann Nepomuk Church. It is a masterpiece of Rococo architecture and built between 1733 and 1746 by the Asam brothers, Egid Quirin and Cosmas Damian. The Asamkirche was their private chapel next to their home. The church’s narrow façade on Sendlinger Straße is almost hidden among the shops. The interior is a amazing display of Baroque art with twisting columns, contrasts of light and shadow and a stunning ceiling fresco that attracts my gaze upward. The Asam brothers designed this church as a personal project, and it remains a true gem of Munich’s architectural heritage.

Konigsplatz

Königsplatz is built in the early 19^th century under the vision of King Ludwig I as part of his plan to change Munich into a “city of the arts.” It was designed by architect Leo von Klenze in the neoclassical style. It displays the aesthetics of ancient Greek architecture, with monumental structures like the Propyläen, the Glyptothek and the State Collection of Antiquities lining the square. I was struck by the sense of grandeur and symmetry, with the imposing columns and white façades creating a sense of timeless beauty.

Alta Pinakothek

The Alte Pinakothek was built in 1836 under the patronage of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. It was designed by architect Leo von Klenze and the building itself is an elegant example of Neoclassical architecture. As I walk through its halls, I’m amazed by the incredible collection of European masterpieces from the 14^th to the 18^th centuries. This is including works by Albrecht Dürer, Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt. The Alte Pinakothek was heavily damaged during World War II but was carefully restored.

Daytrip to Therme Erding

A day trip to Therme Erding is a perfect way to unwind and experience this wonderful large thermal spa. The Therme Erding is just 40 kilometres northeast of Munich. With over 185,000 square meters of pools, saunas and water slides, there’s something for everyone. Here you can enjoy saunas, steam baths and mineral pools. Admission varies depending on the area and time, starting at €24 for two hours in the main spa.

I find it best to reserve a check-in slot online, especially on weekends and holidays, because it can get busy. I always remember to bring swimwear, towels and flip-flops, though they’re available for rent too. With multiple restaurants and bars inside, it’s easy to spend the whole day relaxing and having fun. If you are interested in a relaxing day just floating in the warm water under the glass dome or enjoying a massage in the spa, a visit to Therme Erding is a perfect escape from the city.

Best time to visit Munich

The best time to visit Munich depends on what you want to experience. Generally, spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October) are considered the ideal seasons for a trip.

Spring

In spring, the weather starts to warm up, the parks go into bloom, and the city feels lively without being crowded. You can go walking through the English Garden during this time, when locals come out to enjoy the sun, and the beer gardens start to fill up again.

Autumn

Autumn is also a wonderful time, particularly in late September when Oktoberfest takes place. This world-famous festival is a bucket-list event for many travellers. But it’s also the busiest and most expensive time to visit. If you prefer a quieter experience, I’d go in October, when the festival crowds have gone. The crisp air, golden leaves and cozy atmosphere make Munich feel magical.

Summer

Summer (June to August) is lively and warm, with plenty of outdoor activities, festivals and a buzzing city vibe. But it can get crowded with tourists.

Winter

Winter (November to February) has its own charm, especially with the Christmas markets in December and the possibility of snow. It can be quite cold and grey, so it’s a better time for those who enjoy winter sports or exploring cozy indoor spots like museums and cafés. Overall, I find the shoulder seasons (spring and autumn) have the best mix of pleasant weather, manageable crowds and a more authentic local atmosphere.

How to get to Munich

Getting to Munich is convenient to get to. You can travel to Munich by air, train or car.

Flight

If you’re coming from abroad, the easiest way is to fly into Munich Airport (MUC). This is Germany’s second-busiest airport and is located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) from the city centre. From the airport you can take the S-Bahn (either S1 or S8) to reach the city in around 40 minutes. Or if you are in a hurry you can take a taxi or airport shuttle. It takes about 30–40 minutes, depending on traffic.

Train

For those already in Germany or neighbouring countries, taking the train is an excellent option. Munich’s Hauptbahnhof (main train station) is a major centre with direct connections to many German and European cities, including Berlin, Frankfurt, Vienna, Zurich and Paris. You can choose for high-speed trains like the ICE or TGV for a fast and comfortable journey.

Car

If you prefer the road, Munich is well-connected by highways like the A8, A9 and A96. Driving can be a scenic option, especially if you’re coming from places like Salzburg, Innsbruck or Nuremberg. There are also long-distance buses that go to Munich from various European cities. Operators like FlixBus have budget-friendly options.

Once you are in Munich, getting around is easy thanks to the excellent public transport system (U-Bahn, S-Bahn, trams and buses). The city’s bike-friendly layout makes cycling a great option too.

Highlights in Germany

Germany has a mix of history, culture and architecture across its cities. In Berlin, you’ll find iconic landmarks like the Brandenburg Gate and remnants of the Berlin Wall. They have many world-class museums and a cutting-edge creative scene. Trier is Germany’s oldest city and is home to impressive Roman ruins including the Porta Nigra and an ancient amphitheatre. Aachen is known for its stunning cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and former coronation site of Holy Roman Emperors.

With its stunning landscapes, the Königssee is a must-see destination for nature lovers. The Königssee is a pristine alpine lake located in the Berchtesgaden National Park in Bavaria. It is surrounded by dramatic mountains, including the famous Watzmann peak. The Königssee is often described as one of Germany’s most beautiful natural wonders.