Torino (Turin) is a city that mixes historical monuments with contemporary innovation. As the first capital of unified Italy, Torino has a long cultural and architectural heritage that has shaped its identity over centuries. The city’s urban landscape is characterized by the Baroque architecture, neoclassical structures, and religious monuments. Torino has an impressive selection of palaces, churches, and squares that reflect its role in European history. From the seat of the Savoy dynasty to its cultural contributions during the Italian Renaissance and beyond. In this article I’m going to explore the monumental highlights of Torino.

History of Torino

Torino has a multifaceted history that dates back over 2,000 years. It is one of Italy’s most historically important cities. It has changed from a small Roman settlement to a political, industrial, and cultural city. Here’s a deeper view into its fascinating history.

Roman origins

The history of Torino begins in Roman times. The town was originally founded as a military settlement by the Romans in 27 BCE. It was known as Augusta Taurinorum. The city’s location was strategically positioned on the banks of the Po River and surrounded by the Alps. It was an ideal outpost for controlling trade routes and defending northern Italy. Torino quickly grew into a prosperous town within the Roman Empire. The remnants of its ancient past can still be seen today. This includes parts of Roman walls and gates like the Porta Palatina.

The Middle Ages and the House of Savoy

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Torino became part of a complex political landscape. It was governed by various dynasties, including the Franks and the Carolingians. After this they fell under the control of the powerful House of Savoy in the 11th century. This marked the beginning of Torino’s reputation in European politics.

By the late Middle Ages, Torino had progressed from a modest town into a fortified city. It was protected by walls and a network of defensive structures. It became the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in the early 16th century. During this time, many of the city’s most iconic landmarks were built, including the Palazzo Madama and the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist.

Torino as the Capital of Unified Italy

The 19th century was a altering period for Torino. With the rise of the movement for Italian unification (the Risorgimento), the city played an important role in the creation of modern Italy. Torino became the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. This was under the leadership of King Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of a unified Italy. The city hosted key political and administrative functions. During this time Torino’s architectural and urban landscape was reshaped to reflect its new political power. The famous Mole Antonelliana was originally created as a synagogue. But today it is the Museum of Cinema. In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence, and later to Rome.

The Industrial Revolution and the 20th Century

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Torino became a major centre of industrialization. And in particularly the automobile industry. The founding of Fiat in 1899 changed Torino into Italy’s industrial powerhouse. This led too rapid urbanization and modernization. The city’s status as the “Detroit of Italy” was set with the expansion of Fiat and the development of related industries. This period of industrial growth also brought with it social challenges. The city saw a rise in working-class populations and the labour movements to address their rights.

During both World Wars, Torino’s strategic importance as an industrial city made it a target. The city suffered because of the damage during World War II. But the city quickly rebuilt itself in the postwar years. Torino also became famous for Italian design, fashion, and cultural innovation during the mid-20th century.

Torino in Modern Times

The city continues to be an important cultural, industrial, and economic centre in Italy. The city’s historic centre, with its palaces, churches, and museums, is a tribute to its past. The modern development is characterized by technological innovation and contemporary art. Torino is home to a number of prestigious institutions, including the Polytechnic University of Torino and the renowned Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum). The last one has one of the largest collections of Egyptian artifacts outside of Cairo.

Porta Palatina

The oldest of the monumental highlights of Torino is Porta Palatina. The gate is built in the 1st century BCE, during the reign of Emperor Augustus. The structure was one of the main gates in the defensive walls of Augusta Taurinorum. It was the Roman settlement that eventually became Torino.

The gate was part of a larger fortification system designed to protect the Roman city. The walls of Augusta Taurinorum were massive, with multiple gates allowing access into the city. Porta Palatina was located at the northeastern corner of the ancient city. This important gate provided access to the road leading toward the Alpine passes and was central to the trade routes between Italy and the northern regions. The name “Palatina” is believed to derive from the Latin term palatium (palace). It is likely referring to the presence of a palace or a royal residence nearby in ancient times.

Architecture

Porta Palatina is unique for its exceptional preservation and its distinctive Roman architectural elements. The gate is considered one of the best-preserved Roman structures in northern Italy. The structure gives us an understanding into Roman engineering and design. Some key architectural features of Porta Palatina are:

The Twin Towers

The most remarkable aspect of Porta Palatina are the twin towers. They have a height of about 30 meters. These towers were originally part of a larger defensive wall, but today they are the most recognizable feature. They are built in a classic Roman style with brick and stone. Their imposing presence would have been a symbol of strength and security in ancient times.

The Arches

The central part of the gate is a large arch. This was the main passageway for people and goods entering the city. The arch is surrounded by two smaller side arches. The arches are constructed from large stone blocks. They have the characteristic Roman use of stone work giving the gate a monumental grandeur. The design of the arches would have been both functional, allowing for the smooth movement of traffic and symbolic. The last one underlines the importance of the city’s fortifications.

Decorative elements

Much of the original decorative elements of Porta Palatina have eroded over time. But traces of Roman architectural decoration can still be seen. This is including elements like inscriptions and reliefs that likely detailed the history of Augusta Taurinorum.

Porta Palatina today

Porta Palatina is not only a remarkable piece of ancient Roman architecture but also as a key point of historical and cultural reflection for Torino. The gate is part of the archaeological area that includes the Roman Theatre and the remains of the city’s ancient forum.

Visitors to Porta Palatina can enjoy not just its architectural beauty but also its context within the broader historical landscape of Torino. The site is easily accessible and gives a noticeable contrast to the more modern elements of the city. The preserved twin towers and arches are a visual reminder of Torino’s Roman past.

Musei Reali & Royal Palace

One not-to-miss monumental highlight of Torino is the Musei Reali (Royal Museum). It is a monumental complex that houses some of Italy’s most important art collections, royal residences, and historical artifacts. The museum is located in the heart of the city. It is a part of the Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace) and both are an essential stop for anyone interested to understand Torino’s history, art and royal heritage.

Historical background

The Musei Reali is situated within the Royal Palace of Torino. The palace was the primary residence of the House of Savoy for over 200 years. The royal palace was originally constructed in the 16th century. The structure underwent numerous expansions and renovations over the centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries it became a symbol of the power and prestige of the Savoy dynasty. The Palace is directly linked to the history of Torino as the first capital of Italy.

The Royal Museums were formally established in 1934. The museum brings together various collections in the Royal Palace, the Royal Gardens and other royal properties. The Musei Reali includes not only the Royal Palace itself but also other sites, such as the Armeria Reale (Royal Armoury), Museo di Antichità (Museum of Antiquities), and Giardini Reali (Royal Gardens).

Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace)

The Royal Palace is listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site. The palace itself is an architectural masterpiece and mixes several architectural styles such as the Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassical styles. Its interiors are decorated with frescoes, stuccoes and furnishings. These features are a symbol to the wealth and power of the House of Savoy.

Armeria Reale (Royal Armoury)

The Armeria Reale is one of the oldest and most important armouries in Europe. The museum has a remarkable collection of arms and armour from the 15th to the 19th centuries. The collection includes a collection of weapons, including swords, rifles, shields and ceremonial armour. Many were used by the Savoy family and the military of the Kingdom of Savoy. The exhibit also shows royal uniforms, hunting rifles, and the fascinating history of warfare and royal patronage of arms over centuries.

Museo di Antichità (Museum of Antiquities)

This museum is dedicated to the history of ancient civilizations and has artifacts from the prehistoric, Roman, and Medieval periods. Highlights include roman artifacts, Etruscan and Greek Art, religious relics and manuscripts from the Middle Ages.

Giardini Reali (Royal Gardens)

The Royal Gardens are located behind the Royal Palace. They are an excellent example of Italian Baroque landscaping and are an oasis in the heart of Torino. The gardens are designed by the renowned French architect and landscaper André Le Nôtre in the 17th century. The gardens are decorated with elegant fountains, geometric patterns and shaped hedges. The giardini were originally designed for the pleasure of the royal family only.

Cattedral di San Giovanni Battista

The Cathedral di San Giovanni Battista (Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist) is often simply referred to as Torino’s Cathedral. It is one of the most important and historically religious landmarks in the city. The cathedral is located in the heart of Torino, near the Piazza San Giovanni. The cathedral is a place of worship, a historical monument, and the place of one of Christianity’s most famous relics, the Shroud of Turin.

History of Cattedrale di San Giovanni Battista

The origins of the Cattedrale di San Giovanni Battista date back to the 3rd century. But the current structure was built between 1491 and 1498. The cathedral is built on the site of an earlier church, which was originally dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. The church underwent large renovations in the 12th century. By the late 15th century it was changed into the Cathedral of Torino.

The cathedral has played an important role in the religious and political life of the city. Mostly after Torino became the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in the 16th century. Over time, the cathedral has been expanded and refurbished, but it has kept much of its original design.

Architectural elements

The architecture of the Cattedrale di San Giovanni Battista is primarily in the Renaissance style. Later additions and renovations added Baroque and Neoclassical design. The cathedral’s exterior is relatively simple but elegant, with a large façade that reflects the classical principles of symmetry and proportion. Important architectural elements are:

The Façade

The cathedral’s façade is made of brick and has a large central entrance that is  framed by columns and a simple triangular pediment. The façade was completed in the early 18th century. They added Baroque elements to complement the earlier Renaissance structure. The design is relatively simple compared to other Italian cathedrals.

The Dome

One of the most spectacular elements of the cathedral is its dome. This part was added during the 17th century. The dome is a large, circular structure, and it adds to the verticality of the building. The dome is visible from many parts of the city and so an iconic part of the Torino skyline.

Interior

The interior of the cathedral is characterized by its simple and elegant design. The use of Renaissance and Baroque elements inside the church creates a sense of harmony and balance. The high altar is particularly stunning. Beautiful frescoes, paintings, and sculptures decorate the interior, including works by notable Italian artists.

The Shroud of Turin

Perhaps the most important aspect of the Cattedrale di San Giovanni Battista is the Shroud of Turin (also known as the Sindone di Torino). It is one of the most famous Christian relics. The Shroud is believed by many to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ. It bears the faint image of a man who appears to have suffered crucifixion.

The Shroud has been stored in the cathedral since the late 16th century. The cathedral is the place where it is displayed during occasional public exhibitions. But is is generally kept in a secure, climate-controlled vault. The Shroud of Turin has been the subject of extensive research, religious devotion and occasional controversy regarding its authenticity. It remains a powerful symbol of Christian faith.

The Chapel of the Holy Shroud (Cappella della Sindone) is a small. It is a dedicated space within the cathedral where the Shroud is kept. This chapel was specifically designed to house the relic and is a focal point for pilgrims and visitors. The chapel was initially designed by architect Guarino Guarini in the late 17th century in Baroque style.

Biblioteca Reale

The Biblioteca Reale di Torino (Royal Library of Turin) is one of the most prestigious and historic libraries in Italy. It was established in the early 18th century and it has long been a centre of intellectual life, royal patronage and the preservation of important cultural works. The library is located within the Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace). The library is not only famous for the rare manuscripts, books and art but also a reflection of the city’s cultural and intellectual heritage.

History of the Biblioteca Reale

The Biblioteca Reale di Torino was founded in 1831, under the rule of Charles Albert of Savoy, the king of Sardinia. He created a royal library for the House of Savoy. Its primary purpose was to supply for the royal family. The library gave them access to important texts on politics, history, art and culture. The library grew quickly thanks to the support and patronage of the Savoy family. They acquired many important books, manuscripts, and works of art during this period.

The origins of the library can be traced to an earlier period. Before its formal establishment, the library housed collections belonging to the Savoy family. The library’s early collections were largely focused around the interests of the royal court, including history, classical studies and works on science and philosophy.

Following the unification of Italy in the 19th century, the Biblioteca Reale became a public institution. They opened the doors to scholars and researchers. The library’s collection expanded to include more modern works, scientific texts and international publications.

Collection

The Biblioteca Reale has an incredibly diverse and valuable collection of manuscripts, rare books, prints and maps. Many of which are of great historical and cultural importance. Below I have named a few important items:

Royal manuscripts

The library has an extensive collection of manuscripts, many of which belonged to the House of Savoy. These include medieval and Renaissance texts, royal correspondence and other documents related to the governance and history of the Savoy dynasty. Some of the manuscripts are illuminated works of art including detailed illustrations and designs.

Scientific and philosophical texts

In line with the interests of the royal family and the intellectual climate of the time, the library’s collection includes numerous scientific works. Especially from the fields of astronomy, mathematics, physics and natural sciences. Works from famous scientists like Galileo Galilei and Leonardo da Vinci can be found in the collection.

Historical and literary works

The library has a collection of historical texts that narrate the history of Torino, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the broader Italian Peninsula. Many of these texts provide valuable insights into the political, cultural, and social life of the period. Literary works from Italian and European authors, especially from the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, are also well represented.

Rare books

The Biblioteca Reale’s collection of rare books is extensive, containing first editions, early printed books and antique volumes from a variety of subjects. Many of these books are valuable both for their age and their importance in the development of knowledge and culture.

Maps and prints

The library is also home to a substantial collection of maps and prints. Many of which illustrate the geographic, scientific, and artistic discoveries of the early modern period. These items are a fascinating look into the way people viewed the world and their place in it during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

The Shroud of Turin

While not housed within the library itself, the Shroud of Turin has an indirect connection to the Biblioteca Reale. The library has several historical texts, studies, and religious works related to the Shroud.  It has been a focal point of devotion, scholarship, and research for centuries. The Shroud of Turin is one of the most famous and revered Christian relics and has attracted visitors and scholars from around the world.

Piazza Castello

Piazza Castello is the heart of Torino’s historic centre and surrounded by some of the city’s most iconic landmarks. The Piazza is dominated by the imposing Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace) and the Palazzo Madama. The piazza has long been the centre of political, cultural, and social life in the city. The piazza has elegant Baroque architecture, fountains and open space. It is a perfect starting point for exploring Torino.

Palazzo Madama

Palazzo Madama is a historical palace and directly overlooking Piazza Castello. The palace was originally built as a medieval fortress. It was later converted into a Baroque residence for the House of Savoy. The palace’s architecture mixes medieval, Renaissance and Baroque elements. Palazzo Madama is now home to the Museo Civico d’Arte Antica. They have a collection of medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque art. It is a symbol of Torino’s aristocratic past and a must-visit for anyone interested in the city’s history and culture.

Piazza San Carlo

Piazza San Carlo is one of Torino’s most elegant and picturesque squares. It is often referred to as the city’s “salon” for its graceful architecture and vibrant atmosphere. Surrounded by beautiful arcades and historic cafés, the square is dominated by the twin churches of Santa Cristina and San Carlo Borromeo. Known for its Baroque style, the piazza is a space for leisurely strolls and social gatherings. The piazza is often used for cultural events and festivals. Its central location makes it a popular meeting place.

Museo Egizio

The Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum) in Torino is an important and comprehensive collections of ancient Egyptian artifacts outside of Egypt. The museum was founded in 1824 and it is regarded as the second most important Egyptian museum in the world. After the one in Cairo of course. The museum has an extraordinary collection of over 30,000 pieces, including mummies, statues, papyri, and everyday objects that give a fascinating insights into the ancient Egyptian civilization.

History and origins

The origins of the Museo Egizio go back to the early 19th century. The House of Savoy, particularly King Charles Felix of Savoy, began collecting Egyptian antiquities. Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired through the royal family’s connections with archaeological expeditions and traders. The collection grew over the years, especially after the famous Francesco and Bernardino Drovetti collection was acquired in the early 19th century. The Drovetti collection remains one of the largest and most important parts of the museum’s collection.

The museum moved into its current location in Palazzo della Loggia in 1824. Over the decades, its collection expanded through donations and acquisitions. In the 20th century, the museum underwent several renovations and was completed in 2015. The new museum gives visitors a modern and engaging experience while preserving the ancient collection.

Collections and exhibits

The Museo Egizio is home to a wide range of ancient Egyptian objects and covering nearly 5,000 years of history from the Old Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period. Some of the museum’s collections are:

Mummies and mummification artifacts

The museum has one of the largest and best-preserved collections of mummies outside Egypt. You can see mummies of both humans and animals, along with the tools and materials used in the mummification process. The display presents a fascinating look into Egyptian burial practices and the ancient belief in the afterlife.

Statues

The museum has an impressive display of statues, including colossal figures of pharaohs, gods, and important historical figures. One of the highlights is the statue of Ramesses II, a monumental work that is an example of power of ancient Egyptian kings.

Papyrus and inscriptions

The museum has an exceptional collection of papyri, many of which contain religious texts, administrative documents and literary works from ancient Egypt. These papyri provide invaluable insights into the daily life, religious practices, and governance of ancient Egyptian society.

Tomb and burial items

The museum also displays a wide range of objects found in tombs, such as sarcophagi, jewellery and ceremonial items. These objects were designed to accompany the deceased into the afterlife and were believed to provide for their spiritual needs.

Religious artifacts

The museum also has a collection of religious artifacts, including figurines of Egyptian gods, offering tables and ritual objects. These items show the importance of religion in ancient Egyptian life and the rituals that surrounded worship and the afterlife.

Mole Antonelliana

The Mole Antonelliana is one of Torino’s most iconic landmarks and a symbol of the city’s architectural heritage. The structure was originally designed by architect Alessandro Antonelli in the late 19th century as a synagogue. The building was later completed as a monument to the unification of Italy. The building is 167 meters high and the Mole Antonelliana was the tallest brick building in Europe at the time of its completion. The pointed dome and the detailed design make it a standout element of the Torino skyline. The Mole today is home to the Museo Nazionale del Cinema (National Cinema Museum). Here you can go on a fascinating journey through the history of film in an equally impressive architectural setting.

Villa della Regina

One of the best monumental highlights of Torino is Villa della Regina. This is my personal favourite. It is an amazing Baroque palace located on the hills overlooking Torino. The villa is built in the 17th century as a royal residence for the House of Savoy. It is surrounded by beautifully landscaped gardens and has a breathtaking view of the city. The villa’s elegant architecture and detailed interiors reflect the splendour of the Baroque period. The design comes with extravagant frescoes, sculptures, and fine furnishings. Villa della Regina is now a museum and part of the Musei Reali (Royal Museums) of Torino.

Parco del Valentino

Parco del Valentino is one of Torino’s most beloved green spaces. It is a peaceful retreat along the Po River. The parc is established in the 17th century and has beautifully landscaped gardens, walking paths and scenic views. It is a popular destination for both locals and visitors. Within the park, you’ll find the charming Borgo Medievale, a recreated medieval village with quaint streets. Parco del Valentino is perfect for leisurely strolls, picnics and outdoor activities. The parc is a perfect balance of nature, history, and tranquillity in the heart of Torino.

Monumental highlights of Italy

Italy has many monumental cities that are worth a visit. Trento is a city of Renaissance charm and Alpine heritage. The city has many monumental highlights to visit such as the cathedral and the Castello del Buonconsiglio. Verona is famous for the setting of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and beautiful medieval streets.

The city of Venice is world famous for its canals, magnificent palaces, and the iconic Piazza San Marco. But Venice has more to offer. The nearby lagoons of Venice are perfect to visit on a day trip. Bologna is known as the food capital of Italy. The city comes with medieval towers, beautiful arcades, and historical landmarks like the Basilica di San Petronio.

Also Padova is well worth a visit with its stunning medieval squares and Scrovegni Chapel. If you are travelling towards Slovenia, don’t forget to visit Trieste. This beautiful city is located at the Adriatic Sea and combines history, architecture and cultural with a maritime feel.

Reading tip: Beginners travel guide to Italy