Phnom Penh is the capital of Cambodia. It is a city where history meets dynamic modern architecture. The city is located were the Tonle Sap, Mekong, and Bassac rivers meet together. The city’s colonial architecture, busy markets, and serene temples are a window into Cambodia’s past and present. From the majestic Royal Palace to the sombre reminders of the Khmer Rouge era at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. Phnom Penh has a diverse mix of cultural landmarks that speak to both the resilience and beauty of the Cambodian people. Visiting Phnom Penh is an unforgettable journey through the heart of the nation’s culture. Discover the cultural highlights in Phnom Penh in Cambodia.

History of Phnom Penh

Phnom Penh has a complex history that has shaped the city into the lively city it is today. The city was founded in the 15th century. Its name is derived from the legendary “Phnom” (meaning hill) and “Penh.” The last one is referring to the local widow who, according to legend, discovered a statue of the Buddha on the hill that now has her name. This discovery led to the construction of a small temple, marking the beginnings of the city’s spiritual and cultural importance.

French colony

In the late 19th century, during the French colonial period, Phnom Penh underwent large changes. The French made it the administrative centre of Cambodia, then part of French Indochina. The city underwent modernization, with wide boulevards, colonial buildings, and the establishment of schools and hospitals. They mixed the European architectural styles with traditional Khmer designs. This period of growth made Phnom Penh the country’s political and economic centre and was attracting both local and foreign investments.

Khmer Rouge

Phnom Penh’s modern history is marked by tumultuous events, most notably during the Khmer Rouge era. In 1975, the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, took control of Cambodia and forced the population to work in rural labour camps. Phnom Penh’s residents were evacuated, and the city was left largely abandoned. The Khmer Rouge regime’s policies of mass executions and forced labour led to the deaths of nearly a quarter of the population, an era known as the Cambodian Genocide. After the regime fell in 1979, Phnom Penh began the long process of recovery.

Today

In the decades since, Phnom Penh has slowly rebuilt itself, both physically and culturally. It’s a dynamic city where ancient traditions coexist with modern developments. The city’s history, marked by periods of great prosperity and immense suffering, is reflected in its monuments, museums, and the resilience of its people. Landmarks like the Royal Palace, the National Museum, and the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum are emotional reminders of the city’s past. But these reminders are also celebrating Cambodia’s cultural heritage and future.

National museum of Cambodia

The National Museum of Cambodia in Phnom Penh is one of the most important cultural institutions in the country. They show Cambodia’s history, art, and archaeology. The museum was opened in 1920 during the French colonial period. It is located in a stunning building designed by French architect George Groslier. He mixed traditional Khmer architecture with colonial influences. Its design, with a red-tiled roof, lotus-shaped central tower, and courtyards, is a beautiful representation of Cambodia’s architectural heritage.

The museum’s collection goes over a thousand years of Cambodian history. They have masterpieces of Khmer art, sculptures, ceramics, bronzes, and other artifacts from the Angkorian period and earlier. It is renowned for its collection of items from the Khmer Empire. This includes stone carvings, statues of Hindu and Buddhist gods, and pieces from temples across Cambodia.

The National museum is important in preserving Cambodia’s cultural heritage. Especially in the aftermath of the Khmer Rouge regime. They destroyed much of the nation’s artistic and historical treasures. In addition to its permanent collection, the museum regularly hosts temporary exhibitions, cultural events, and educational programs aimed at promoting and understanding of Cambodia’s history and arts. Visitors can explore the museum’s galleries, which include thematic sections devoted to the prehistory time, the Angkor period, and post-Angkorian art. You can also admire the impressive central courtyard with sculptures and artifacts.

Wat Ounalom

Wat Ounalom is an important Buddhist monastery in Phnom Penh. The monastery was founded in the 15th century. It is the centre of Cambodian Buddhism and is an iconic spiritual site in the capital. The monastery is located on the banks of the Tonle Sap River, just north of the Royal Palace.

History

The name “Ounalom” refers to the “eye of the Buddha,” a term that highlights the monastery’s deep spiritual connection. According to legend, the temple was founded by a group of monks who brought with them a relic believed to be the “eye” of the Buddha. This relic is kept within the monastery to this day. It is one of the key reasons why Wat Ounalom is considered such an important site for Cambodian Buddhists.

The monastery has played an important role in the history of Buddhism in Cambodia. It has long been a centre for Buddhist learning and scholarship. It is home to many monks and novices who study and practice meditation and religious teachings. Wat Ounalom is also the headquarters of the Cambodian Buddhist Institute. Here they educate monks and they preserve the country’s Buddhist traditions.

Architecture

Wat Ounalom shows traditional Khmer temple design. The temple has a beautiful main pagoda (or wat) with a serene and peaceful atmosphere. The temple is decorated with carvings, paintings and golden accents that reflect the beauty of Cambodian religious architecture. The monastery grounds also have a number of stupas, where monks and other important religious figures are buried.

One of the unique aspects of Wat Ounalom is its association with Cambodia’s tumultuous modern history. During the Khmer Rouge period, much of the country’s Buddhist heritage was targeted for destruction, and many monks were persecuted. Wat Ounalom survived the regime’s attacks, and many monks took refuge in the temple during this dark period. In the years following the fall of the Khmer Rouge, Wat Ounalom played an important role in the revival of Buddhism in Cambodia. They helped to rebuild the country’s religious life and providing a place for reflection and healing.

Royal Palace

The Royal Palace in Phnom Penh is one of the most iconic landmarks in Cambodia. The palace is one of the best cultural highlights in Phnom Penh to visit. The palace is situated along the Tonle Sap River. The complex is not only the residence of the Cambodian monarch but also a symbol of the nation’s continuing monarchy and its traditions. The palace is a part of Phnom Penh’s historical landscape and a must-visit site for those interested in exploring Cambodia’s royal history and architecture.

History

The Royal Palace was originally constructed in 1866 by King Norodom, the first king of modern Cambodia. He moved the capital from Oudong to Phnom Penh, and it was during his reign that the palace was built to serve as the official royal residence. Over the years, the palace complex has expanded and undergone renovations. It shows the various architectural styles and royal influences of the time.

Throughout its history, the Royal Palace has been an important stage for the country’s monarchy. There were important ceremonies, royal events, and diplomatic meetings. It has witnessed moments of both grandeur and tragedy, including the turmoil during the Khmer Rouge era when the palace was abandoned and desecrated before being restored in the late 20th century.

Architecture

The Royal Palace is a masterpiece of traditional Khmer architecture, with elements that also shows French colonial influences. The palace complex is several hectares and includes numerous buildings. The main structures include:

The Throne Hall (Preah Thineang Dheva Vinnichay)

This is the largest and most impressive building in the Royal Palace complex. It is used for important state functions and royal ceremonies, such as the coronation of kings. The hall is built in a classic Khmer style with a tall, golden spire and carvings. It displays the grandeur of the Cambodian monarchy. Inside, you’ll find beautiful murals depicting scenes from Cambodian history and mythology.

The Silver Pagoda (Preah Vihear Preah Keo)

Another highlight of the Royal Palace complex is the Silver Pagoda. It is home to many national treasures, including the famous Emerald Buddha, a sacred statue of Buddha made from jade and decorated with diamonds. The floor of the Silver Pagoda is covered with 5,000 silver tiles, which gives the pagoda its name. The pagoda also houses numerous other statues, including gold and diamond Buddha images.

The Royal Residence

The King’s residence is located within the palace complex, though it is not open to the public. This area is where the royal family lives and carries out private affairs. Visitors can admire the grand gates and the tranquil gardens surrounding the royal quarters.

The Pavilion of Napoleon III

This smaller, French-designed structure was a gift from Napoleon III of France to King Norodom in the 19th century. It is a symbol of the diplomatic relations between Cambodia and France during the colonial period. The Royal Palace complex is beautifully landscaped, with trimmed gardens, lotus ponds, and shaded walkways. It is a peaceful retreat within the city. The palace is surrounded by a high wall, providing an element of privacy for the royal family.

Cultural and religious impact

The Royal Palace is not just a political and administrative centre. it is also deeply tied to Cambodia’s cultural and religious practices. Buddhism plays a central role in the life of the Cambodian royal family, and the palace complex houses numerous Buddhist shrines and relics. The annual celebrations of Cambodian New Year and the King’s Birthday are celebrated within the palace.

Visiting the Royal Palace

The Royal Palace is open to the public, though certain areas, such as the King’s private quarters, remain off-limits. Visitors can explore the Throne Hall, the Silver Pagoda, and French pavilion. The palace is a popular tourist attraction and is still the official residence of the Cambodian monarch. And also the site for important state ceremonies.

Phnom Penh Night market

The Phnom Penh Night market comes alive in the evening and opens around 5 PM. As dusk falls, the market is illuminated by colourful lights and neon signs, creating a festive and inviting atmosphere. The air is filled with the sounds of music, chatter, and the sizzling of street food being cooked, making it a lively experience. The night market is a casual, open-air environment, with hundreds of stalls lined up under tents, creating a relaxed yet energetic vibe.

Street food

One of the main attractions of the Phnom Penh Night Market is its incredible mix of street food. Local vendors sell a variety of traditional Cambodian dishes, including nom banh chok (Khmer noodles), grilled meats like skewered chicken or beef, fish amok (a traditional Cambodian curry), spring rolls, and pork with rice. There are also sweet treats, such as che (Cambodian desserts), and fresh fruit smoothies. The food at the market is affordable and gives you the chance to sample authentic Cambodian flavours in an informal, fun setting.

Clothing and souvenirs

The night market is also known for its selection of clothing, accessories, and handmade goods. Stalls sell local clothing, often with traditional Khmer designs, and a variety of casual clothes at very reasonable prices. There are also plenty of souvenirs, including handcrafted jewellery, scarves, bags, and artwork. The market provides an opportunity to purchase unique items that reflect Cambodian culture and craftsmanship.

Arts and crafts

The market has a section dedicated to local artisans and craftspeople. Here you can find handcrafted goods such as wooden carvings, paintings, and woven items. These stalls show Cambodia’s cultural heritage, and many items are made by local artists from Phnom Penh or surrounding regions. Buying directly from these artisans supports local craftsmanship.

Live entertainment

In addition to shopping and eating, the Phnom Penh Night Market is also home to live entertainment. Local musicians and performers often present traditional music, and there are occasional performances of Cambodian dance.

Bargaining

As with most markets in Cambodia, bargaining is expected at the Phnom Penh Night Market. You can haggle with vendors to get the best prices on clothing, accessories, and souvenirs, making it a fun and interactive shopping experience.

Wat Phnom

Wat Phnom is located on a small hill in the northeastern part of the city. This Buddhist temple is the highest point in Phnom Penh, and its name, which means “Hill Temple,” directly refers to the man-made hill upon which the temple is situated. Wat Phnom has a historical and religious importance for Cambodians, and it remains a central site of worship, pilgrimage, and local pride.

Architecture

Wat Phnom is a beautiful example of traditional Khmer architecture. To reach the temple, you have to climb a staircase lined with statues of naga (serpent-like mythical creatures) that guard the ascent. You can often find monks, pilgrims, and tourists making their way up to the temple.

The main structure of Wat Phnom is a classic Khmer-style pagoda with a multi-tiered roof. It is decorated with carvings and colourful murals. Inside the pagoda, there are statues of the Buddha, including the seated statue that is the central focus of worship. You can often see Cambodians making offerings of flowers, incense, and candles as part of their prayers.

Tuel Sleng Genocide Museum

The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Phnom Penh is one of the most horrible and sobering sites in Cambodia. It is a eery reminder of the country’s dark past under the Khmer Rouge regime. This museum is located at the former site of S-21, a notorious prison and interrogation centre where thousands of Cambodians were tortured and killed during the Khmer Rouge era (1975-1979). Visiting the museum gives an opportunity to learn about the horrors of the Cambodian Genocide and the resilience of the Cambodian people.

History of Tuol Sleng and S-21

The Tuol Sleng compound was originally a high school, called Tuol Svay Pray High School. It was converted by the Khmer Rouge into the S-21 prison in 1975. The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, eliminated anyone they considered an enemy of the revolution. This included intellectuals, professionals, religious figures, and ethnic minorities. The site became one of the primary centres for the regime’s brutal system of surveillance, detention, and torture.

The prison was used to interrogate, torture, and execute thousands of people, many of whom were falsely accused of being spies or traitors. Prisoners were subjected to horrific methods of torture, and many were forced to make confessions under force. After their interrogation, most of the prisoners were transported to the Choeung Ek Killing Fields, located just outside the city, where they were executed.

It is estimated that over 17,000 people passed through S-21, but only a handful survived. The prison was discovered by the Vietnamese forces in 1979, after the fall of the Khmer Rouge.

Conversion into a museum

In 1980, just a year after the fall of the Khmer Rouge, the site was converted into a museum to honour the victims and to educate future generations about the genocide. The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum opened its doors to the public to be both a memorial and an educational centre.

The museum’s exhibits include photographs, personal belongings, and documents related to the victims and the Khmer Rouge regime. A visit to the museum is a shocking view into the events that unfolded at the site. They show detailed accounts of the survivors’ experiences and the horrors that took place within its walls.

The museum’s exhibits

1. Photographs of prisoners: One of the most haunting aspects of the museum is the extensive collection of black-and-white photographs of prisoners taken by the Khmer Rouge. These photographs are displayed throughout the museum and depict the faces of those who passed through the prison, many of whom would later be executed. The photos are a visual reminder of the human suffering endured during this dark period in Cambodia’s history.
2. Rooms and cells: The museum preserved many of the original buildings, including the prison cells, which have been left largely untouched. You can see the small, cramped cells where prisoners were held in harsh conditions. Some rooms are set up to display torture equipment, giving visitors an unsettling sense of the brutality that took place here.
3. Interrogation and torture methods: The museum documents the various methods of torture used by the Khmer Rouge in an attempt to extract confessions from their prisoners. These included physical violence, psychological torment, and starvation. A detailed timeline of the regime’s actions and the fate of prisoners helps visitors understand the systematic and widespread nature of the genocide.
4. Survivor testimonies: Personal stories from survivors of S-21 are an integral part of the museum. Survivors share their horrific experiences, giving a human face to the atrocities and helping visitors connect emotionally with the history. These testimonies are often presented in the form of written accounts, audio recordings, or video interviews.

Educational and cultural importance

The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is not only a place of remembrance but also an educational institution. It is important in preserving the history of the Khmer Rouge era and in educating younger generations about the horrors committed during the Cambodian Genocide. The museum is also a site for reflection on the consequences of political extremism, totalitarianism, and human rights violations.

Visitors’ experience

A visit to the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is a powerful and emotional experience. It’s an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of the Khmer Rouge era on Cambodia and its people. While the subject matter is difficult and unsettling, the museum is vital in the ongoing process of national healing and reconciliation. The museum is an opportunity to honour the memory of the victims and reflect on the importance of peace, justice, and the protection of human rights.

Choeung Ek

Choeung Ek is one of Cambodia’s most sombre and historically significant sites. It is located about 17 kilometer (10.5 miles) south of Phnom Penh. It is known as the Killing Fields of Choeung Ek, a memorial dedicated to the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime. During this brutal period, an estimated 1.7 million people (about a quarter of Cambodia’s population at the time) died from execution, forced labour, starvation, and disease.

Choeung Ek was one of many execution sites used by the Khmer Rouge. Prisoners from the notorious S-21 (Tuol Sleng) prison in Phnom Penh were often transported to Choeung Ek for execution. Thousands of men, women, and children were killed at this site.

The Memorial Stupa

The Memorial Stupa is a large memorial that contains more than 5,000 human skulls, arranged in a tower. These skulls are the remains of victims found at the site, and the stupa is a visual reminder of the horrific loss of life.

Mass graves

The site is marked by numerous mass graves, many of which have been excavated. Some mass graves are left undisturbed. Even today, bones can sometimes be seen in the fields, particularly after heavy rainfall. Scattered across the ground are fragments of clothing. These are heartbreaking reminders of the victims buried here.

Visitors to Choeung Ek can walk along marked pathways that lead to different parts of the site. This includes the mass graves, the memorial stupa, and areas where tools used in the executions were found. I can highly recommend the audio guide or a guided tour. It explains the history and significance of the site.

Education

Choeung Ek is along with Tuol Sleng a part of the broader effort in Cambodia to remember and educate about the genocide. These sites help to keep the memory of the victims alive and promote awareness of the dangers of extremism and totalitarian regimes.

The Khmer Rouge tribunal, formally known as the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), was established in 1997 to prosecute the surviving leaders of the Khmer Rouge for crimes against humanity. Some of the leaders, including Khieu Samphan and Nuon Chea, have been convicted. But many perpetrators of the regime have never been brought to justice.

The psychological impact

Visiting Choeung Ek can be a deeply emotional experience. Visitors often feel a mixture of sadness, disbelief, and respect. The site is not just about remembering the past but also about acknowledging the ongoing effects of the genocide on Cambodian society.

How to get there

Getting to Choeung Ek (the Killing Fields) from Phnom Penh is very easy. There are several transportation options depending on your preference, budget, and comfort level. The site is about 17 kilometres (10.5 miles) south of Phnom Penh, and here are the most common ways to reach it:

By tuk-tuk

It takes around 30-45 minutes to get to Choeung Ek but it depends on traffic. Tuk-tuks are a very popular and convenient option for tourists in Phnom Penh. You can easily find tuk-tuks around popular areas such as the Riverside, Independence Monument, or near hotels. You can either negotiate a price for a round-trip ride or ask for a one-way fare. Ask the receptionist at your hotel what the current prices are.

By taxi

It takes around 20-30 minutes, depending on traffic.Taxis can be hired from your hotel or through ride-sharing apps like Grab. A taxi ride will be more comfortable than a tuk-tuk, especially if you’re travelling with more than one person or prefer air conditioning.

By guided tour

Many tour agencies in Phnom Penh offer half-day tours to Choeung Ek. The tours often include transportation, a guide, and a visit to other historical sites, such as the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21). If you prefer a more informative experience, this might be the best option. Prices vary depending on the tour company, but expect to pay around $25 to $40 per person for a half-day tour.

Highlights to visit in Asia

Asia is an amazing continent and famous for their cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and lively cities. Chiang Mai in northern Thailand is a must-visit for its ancient temples, including the majestic Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, and its busy night markets. Just a short flight away is Luang Prabang in Laos. The city is known for its serene atmosphere, colonial architecture, and the stunning Kuang Si Waterfalls. The cosmopolitan city-state of Singapore is a dazzling blend of modernity and tradition. This city is famous for it’s iconic landmarks like Marina Bay Sands, the futuristic Gardens by the Bay, and cultural neighbourhoods such as Chinatown and Little India.

In Malaysia, the rainforests of Borneo have incredible wildlife experiences. From orangutan sanctuaries to colourful coral reefs in Sabah. Don’t miss Ayutthaya, an ancient city just north of Bangkok. It is home to beautiful ruins of temples and palaces, reflecting Thailand’s history. Each of these destinations is a unique sight into the diverse cultures and natural beauty of Asia.